Best Betting Sites Australia 2025 – Online Sports Betting for Aussies

Betting sites in Australia make it easier than ever for Aussie punters to get on the punt, with fast payouts, secure banking and local markets on footy, racing and more. With over 80% of adults in the lucky country having a flutter at least now and then, choosing reliable and safe Australian online bookmakers is crucial if you want to enjoy the action without the stress.

The best betting sites Australia has to offer focus first on online sports betting for Aussies, while also giving you quality online casino options when you want a break from the footy or the nags. Look for trusted Aussie bookies that combine sharp odds, strong safety standards, responsible gambling tools and seamless apps, so you can bet across Oz with confidence on both mobile and desktop.

Leading Betting Sites Australia in 2025

As you explore the best betting sites Australia offers in 2025, focus on platforms that deliver strong odds, smooth navigation, fast payouts and a reliable experience for Aussie punters. The top options combine great coverage of local footy codes and racing with innovative features, mobile-first design and rewarding promos. Here are the standout picks:

1. Realz – Sports-first betting platform offering competitive odds and a fast interface
2. Mafia Casino – Crime-themed sportsbook and casino known for fast crypto-friendly withdrawals
3. Bet Ninja – Ninja-themed sportsbook offering fast, clean, intuitive play
4. Crownplay – Modern sports and casino with premium live betting tools and ongoing promos.
5. Roby Casino – Sports and casino access with simple navigation and flexible payment options
6. Kingmaker – VIP-forward betting and casino site with high-limit options
7. Instant Casino – Sports and casino platform designed for fast sign-up and rapid deposits
8. Spinight – fast-loading markets and streamlined navigation for frequent punters
9. Cobrabet – Combined sports, live betting and casino platform with straightforward banking
10. Playio – Sports and casino betting wrapped in a jungle-themed interface

Why Players Are Choosing These Australian Betting Platforms

Understanding player preferences is critical for grasping why certain Australian betting platforms gain popularity. With diverse offerings ranging from unique themes to high payout options, players have numerous choices tailored to their interests. Below are insights into some standout betting platforms:

1. Realz – Sports-First Platform With Sharp Odds and Fast Navigation

Realz is a modern betting and gaming platform that focuses on delivering a clean, upbeat experience for players who want something a bit more lively than the usual sportsbook layout. The site leans into a fun, contemporary style with quick sign-up, smooth navigation, and an interface that feels designed for everyday punters rather than high-volume sharps. Australian players will find the layout easy to get around, with clear categories and straightforward account management that keeps things stress-free.

The sports section at Realz covers a strong mix of international leagues along with the regular Australian favourites like AFL, NRL and cricket, making it suitable for both casual and more engaged bettors. The platform keeps things simple but effective, offering intuitive market browsing and fast bet placement that works well on mobile. For players who like variety, Realz also includes a solid casino lineup, giving you a mix of pokies and table games without having to jump between different apps or accounts.

What helps Realz stand out is its overall vibe. It is bright, easygoing and built to feel accessible, especially for players who want a betting platform that does not overwhelm them with complicated menus or dense statistics. The whole experience is smooth and welcoming, making it a good choice for Australians who enjoy a balanced mix of sports betting and casino play. Realz keeps things light, flexible and user-friendly, which gives it a noticeable personality compared to more traditional, hard-edged betting sites.

Pros:

• Fast, clean interface for quick bet placement
• Easy access to popular AFL, NRL and racing events
• Simple navigation suited to all experience levels
• Competitive odds presentation without unnecessary distractions

Cons:

• No same-game multi functionality

2. Mafia Casino – Crime-Themed Sportsbook With Fast Crypto Withdrawals

Mafia Casino delivers a unique crime-themed wagering experience with a dark, immersive design and engaging animations that keep sessions feeling dynamic, and Aussie punters particularly enjoy the way this theme carries through both its sports markets and racing cards. The platform places heavy emphasis on speed, offering ultra-fast crypto withdrawals that let punters access winnings almost instantly, with multiple supported cryptocurrencies giving users flexible and convenient banking options.

It features a wide range of betting markets spanning major domestic codes like AFL and NRL through to international soccer, basketball and more, ensuring both new bettors and experienced sharps can find odds that suit their strategies. Regular updates introduce new prop markets and futures to keep the sportsbook fresh and engaging, while ongoing promotions and daily or weekly offers add meaningful value for returning players.

A structured VIP programme enhances the overall punting experience by delivering cashback on racing, bonus bets and exclusive odds boosts, rewarding long-term engagement and creating benefits beyond standard fixed-odds play.

Pros:

• Clean, lightweight interface with quick navigation
• Access to major global sports categories in a simple layout
• Straightforward bonuses and promos suited to casual punters
• Easy switching between sportsbook and casino sections

Cons:

• Racing coverage is limited compared to sports markets

3. Bet Ninja – Simple, Flexible Sports Access With Clean Navigation

BetNinja is a crypto-friendly casino and sportsbook that’s grown popular with Australian punters who want a simple, modern betting experience. The platform is very easy to navigate, supports AUD-friendly play, and lets you move smoothly between sports betting and pokies without juggling multiple accounts. Sign-up is quick, the interface feels clean, and it’s built in a way that suits both casual bettors and those who like to explore lots of markets.

Sports-wise, BetNinja covers all the big global leagues but also gives you plenty of local favourites: AFL, NRL, cricket, and the major racing codes. The layout is clean, mobile-friendly, and designed so you can fire off bets quickly—handy if you’re into live betting. Odds are generally competitive, especially on line and handicap markets, which helps value hunters. And if you’re someone who likes mixing sports bets with a few spins on the pokies, having everything in one place with a single wallet is a solid plus.

Still, there are a few things Aussies should keep in mind. Since BetNinja isn’t licensed in Australia, you don’t get the same local consumer protections or dispute options you’d have with onshore bookies. Offshore sites can offer more features, sure—but they also come with higher risks, especially when it comes to withdrawals and overall oversight. So while BetNinja’s crypto support, live betting, and all-in-one sportsbook/pokies setup make it an attractive option, it’s worth approaching it with the usual caution you’d use for any offshore operator.

Pros:

• Clean, lightweight interface with quick navigation
• Access to major global sports categories in a simple layout
• Straightforward bonuses and promos suited to casual punters
• Easy switching between sportsbook and casino sections

Cons:

•  Sports coverage may feel limited compared to major AU betting platforms

4. CrownPlay – Modern Hybrid With Clear Access to Major Aussie Sports

CrownPlay is a modern, easy-to-use sportsbook and casino platform that fits nicely with what many Australian punters look for: quick registration, clean navigation, and a smooth switch between sports betting and casino games. The site feels very Aussie-friendly, with simple account setup and payment methods that make depositing and withdrawing straightforward. Everything is laid out in a way that makes it easy to find your favourite sports or jump into a few pokies when you’re in the mood.

When it comes to sports, CrownPlay covers a big spread of global events while still giving plenty of attention to the local staples—AFL, NRL, cricket, and racing. The interface is mobile-ready and designed for fast bet placement, which is handy if you enjoy live betting or browsing through props on the go. Odds are generally competitive, and the streamlined layout makes it simple for both casual punters and multi-market bettors to get around without feeling overwhelmed.

That said, CrownPlay does operate differently from the big-name Aussie bookies, so it’s worth having a general sense of that before diving in. While it offers features like live online betting, broad market variety, and flexible payment options, the experience relies more on the platform’s own systems than on local frameworks. For most players, that won’t be a deal-breaker—just something to be mindful of. Overall, CrownPlay’s user-friendly design, wide sports coverage, and all-in-one betting setup make it a solid pick for Aussies who want a simple, modern betting platform with plenty of choice.

Pros:

• Extensive library of sports markets across multiple codes
• Daily odds boosts to enhance betting value
• User-friendly interface with smooth navigation
• Loyalty programmes and ongoing rewards for regular punters

Cons:

• Interface can feel crowded during peak events

5. Roby Casino – Simple, Flexible Sports Access for Mixed-Virtual Punters

Roby Casino is a casino-first platform designed for players who like a sleek, modern look and fast, clutter-free navigation. It stands out with a stylish layout, quick sign-up, and an interface that puts table games and pokies right up front. Australian players will appreciate how straightforward everything feels, with easy access to games and a good range of payment options, including crypto for those who prefer faster and more flexible transactions.

Even though the casino is the main attraction, Roby Casino also includes a sports betting section, giving punters access to a variety of global leagues along with the usual Aussie favourites. You can browse markets across football, basketball, tennis and more, and the layout keeps things simple without drowning you in unnecessary menus. It is a nice fit for players who enjoy casino gaming but still want the option to throw on a few sports bets without heading to a separate site.

What really sets Roby Casino apart is the overall smoothness of the experience. The design is consistent, the pages load quickly, and the casino and sports areas feel naturally connected instead of acting like two different worlds. It is not trying to be the flashiest or most feature-heavy sportsbook. Instead, it aims to be reliable, easy to use, and enjoyable for players who like a bit of variety. For Australians who want a polished hybrid platform that puts the casino experience first while still offering sports on the side, Roby Casino is a refreshing and well-balanced choice.

Pros:

• Accessible AFL, NRL, BBL and A-League market
• Clean, user-friendly layout suitable for new and returning punterss
• Flexible banking options, including digital-friendly methods
• Fast access to core sports categories and live sections

Cons:

• Fewer Aussie-preferred payment options such as POLi or PayID

Online Betting Sites vs Retail Sportsbooks

The wagering landscape has shifted dramatically, creating a distinct choice between digital betting platforms and traditional retail sportsbooks like TAB outlets or betting facilities within pubs and clubs. Each avenue offers a unique experience, catering to different styles of punting. Understanding the trade-offs between the digital convenience of an app and the social atmosphere of the local pub is key to maximising your betting experience.

Benefits of Online Betting Sites

Online bookmakers offer unmatched accessibility, allowing punters to place wagers from anywhere at any time. The primary advantage lies in the ability to shop for the best odds; with multiple apps at your fingertips, you can instantly compare prices to ensure you’re getting the highest potential return. Additionally, online platforms generally provide access to a far wider range of markets—from niche international sports to obscure player props—and offer generous deposit bonuses and money-back specials that retail outlets rarely match.

Advantages of Retail Sportsbooks

Retail sportsbooks and TABs provide a social atmosphere that digital platforms cannot replicate. The thrill of watching a race or a footy match live on the big screen with mates, betting slip in hand, creates a communal energy that many punters prefer. A significant practical advantage is the ability to place live bets in person without the regulatory “click-to-call” friction required online. Furthermore, retail betting offers instant gratification with cash payouts, allowing you to collect your winnings immediately after the event concludes without waiting for bank processing times.

Choosing the Right Option Based on Your Needs

Ultimately, the choice between online betting and retail sportsbooks depends on your priorities for the day. If you value efficiency, better odds, and the ability to bet on the go, online sites are the superior choice. However, if you’re looking for a social outing, instant cash access, or a seamless live betting experience, the local retail sportsbook remains a strong contender.

Popular Betting Markets at Australian Betting Sites

As the online wagering landscape continues to evolve, punters at Australian betting sites in 2025 are gravitating towards a mix of domestic staples and international favourites. Understanding the popular markets fueling bet slips is essential for anyone diving into the vibrant world of online sports betting.

Australian Rules Football (AFL)

AFL remains the undisputed king of betting volume during the winter months. Punters are looking far beyond simple Head-to-Head wagers. The best Aussie bookmakers now offer extensive player prop markets, allowing users to bet on individual disposals, goal scorers, and “Most Goals” markets. The depth of these markets ensures steady engagement from the first bounce of the regular season through to the Grand Final in September.

Rugby League (NRL)

Rugby League maintains a massive following, particularly along the east coast. Traditional markets like Line Betting (Handicap) and Total Points are staples, but the rise of Same Game Multis has revolutionised how fans bet on the NRL. Punters frequently combine Anytime Try Scorer markets with match results to boost their potential returns, particularly during the State of Origin series which draws significant betting interest.

Horse Racing

Racing remains a cornerstone of Australian gambling culture. While the Melbourne Cup stops the nation, engagement is year-round thanks to Fixed Odds and Tote betting on daily meets across the country. Modern platforms have enhanced the experience with exotic markets like Quinellas and Trifectas, alongside futures markets for major events like The Everest, ensuring racing remains a key component of the betting landscape.

Cricket

The summer of cricket drives substantial activity on Australian betting sites. The fast-paced Big Bash League (BBL) is particularly popular for markets such as ‘Top Team Run Scorer’ and “Total Sixes”, which offer quick outcomes. Test cricket also draws volume, with punters engaging in session-by-session markets and individual player performance bets that sustain interest over the longer format.

Soccer

Soccer continues to grow in the Australian market, driven largely by the immense popularity of the English Premier League (EPL). Australian bettors appreciate the vast array of markets available for EPL fixtures, including “Both Teams To Score” and “Correct Score” options. While the A-League provides local action, the global appeal of European soccer ensures it remains a top choice for punters looking for high-value international engagement.

Bonuses and Payment Options at Betting Sites Australia – 2025 Overview

In 2025, Australian betting sites offer a diverse range of betting bonuses and secure payment options designed to cater to the needs of punters. Understanding the various incentives and transaction methods available is essential for an optimal gaming experience. This overview highlights what you can expect when engaging with these platforms.

Common Types of Bonuses Available

Players can anticipate several types of betting bonuses that enhance their play time and provide increased chances of winning. Common options include:

• Welcome Bonuses: Attractive offers aimed at new players when they first register.
• No Deposit Bonuses: Risk-free incentives that allow players to experience the platform without initial investment.
• Free Spins: Additional chances to win on slot games without using personal funds.
• Reload Bonuses: Rewards that encourage players to add more funds to their accounts.
• Loyalty Rewards: Incentives aimed at retaining existing players, rewarding their ongoing activity.

Being aware of the terms and conditions attached to these bonuses can significantly impact your ability to maximise their value and enjoy the gaming experience.

Payment Options

When it comes to payment options, Australian betting sites strive to offer a variety of secure methods that accommodate different player preferences. Common payment options include

• Credit and Debit Cards: The most widely accepted forms of payment, providing convenience and speed.
• E-Wallets: Platforms like PayPal and Skrill allow quick and safe transactions.
• Bank Transfers: A reliable option for those who prefer traditional banking methods, though they may take longer to process.
• Cryptocurrencies: Increasingly popular for their anonymity and speedy transaction times.

By choosing the right payment options, you can ensure seamless deposits and withdrawals, thus enhancing your overall gaming experience..

Casino Bonuses at Betting Sites Australia – How to Maximise Rewards

Casino bonuses play a crucial role in enhancing your overall gaming experience on Australian betting sites. Understanding how to leverage these offers helps you maximise rewards effectively. Bonuses like welcome offers can significantly boost your initial bankroll, enabling you to explore various gaming options without risking much of your own money.

Welcome Bonuses and First-Time Player Incentives

Welcome bonuses are designed to attract new players with enticing offers often comprising deposit matches or free spins. Familiarising yourself with the specific wagering requirements tied to these bonuses is essential. These requirements dictate how much you must bet before you can withdraw any winnings. Take the time to read the fine print and identify the eligible games that contribute toward meeting these requirements.

Examples of Top Offers in December 2025

Several Australian betting sites have unveiled competitive bonuses that stand out in the crowded market. For instance, a popular online casino may offer a 100% deposit match up to $500, serving as an attractive entry point for newcomers. Other sites may provide unique promotions such as lifestyle-themed bonuses or special weekend offers designed to keep players engaged and enhance their gaming experience. Staying abreast of such top offers allows you to make informed choices and strategise effectively.

To make the most of any casino bonuses you encounter, it’s essential to keep an eye out for the best offers that not only provide financial incentives but also enhance your overall gaming satisfaction. Engaging with various promotions, such as loyalty rewards or seasonal bonuses, can further enrich your experience at Australian betting sites.

Free Spins Packages and Their Value

Free spins packages have gained immense popularity among players at Australian betting sites. These offers present a fantastic opportunity for you to explore various slot games without any financial commitment. Engaging with free spins allows you to experience the thrill of gameplay while enhancing your chances of winning real money.

The true value of free spins packages lies in their ability to extend your playtime significantly. Without the pressure of wagering your own funds, you can test different slots, discover new favourites, and refine your strategies. This risk-free exploration comes with an essential aspect: understanding the terms and conditions associated with these offers, particularly wagering requirements, which can influence your ability to claim bonus value effectively.

In conclusion, engaging with free spins packages is a strategic way to enhance your experience at Australian betting sites. By maximising your understanding of the bonus value and associated terms, you can make the most of these offers and enjoy a more rewarding gaming experience.

No Deposit Bonuses – Risk-Free Play Opportunities

No deposit bonuses serve as a fantastic option for players who want to experience online betting without any financial commitment. These offers allow you to explore various gaming platforms and try different games, all while enjoying risk-free play. This unique approach is particularly appealing to newcomers looking to test the waters before diving in. Several platforms are showcasing intriguing no deposit bonuses, making them perfect for those curious about online gaming.

Notable Examples in 2025

As the online betting landscape continues to evolve, notable examples of no deposit bonuses are emerging. For instance, brands like BitStarz and 888 Casino have presented enticing no deposit options that not only draw players in but also provide an opportunity to win without any initial financial outlay. These bonuses typically come with manageable wagering requirements, allowing players to keep winnings while assessing the platform’s offerings.

By taking advantage of these promotions, you can strategically sample different games, including slots and table options, enhancing your overall understanding and enjoyment of online casinos. As no deposit bonuses foster risk-free play, they also empower you to make informed decisions about where to invest your gaming funds going forward.

Reload Bonuses and Ongoing Promotions

In the competitive landscape of online betting, reload bonuses and ongoing promotions play a vital role in keeping players engaged. These offers not only provide extra funds but also encourage you to return and continue playing. Knowing the common ongoing offers can significantly enhance your gaming experience.

Common Ongoing Offers to Look Out For

Many betting sites provide reload bonuses, cashback deals, and seasonal events as part of their ongoing promotions. Reload bonuses allow you to replenish your account balance with additional funds when you make a deposit. Cashback deals give you a percentage of your losses back, softening the blow when luck isn’t on your side. Seasonal events often come with themed bonuses or unique challenges that provide even more ways to play and win.

Strategies to Maximise Bonus Value

To truly maximise bonus value, consider timing your deposits to coincide with reload bonuses and paying close attention to the attached terms. Understanding wagering requirements and expiration dates will help you make informed decisions. This way, you can strategically utilise reload bonuses for enhanced gameplay, increasing your chances of claiming larger payouts.

Payment Methods at Betting Sites Australia

Understanding the various payment methods at Australian betting sites is crucial for a seamless gaming experience. Players have access to a variety of deposit and withdrawal options, ensuring convenience and security while managing funds.

Credit and Debit Cards, Bank Transfers

Credit and debit cards remain popular payment methods for Australian betting sites. These traditional options offer familiarity and reliability, making them a go-to for many players. Bank transfers are also widely accepted, providing a secure method for larger transactions. While these methods generally feature straightforward procedures, it is important to note the processing times and any associated fees that may apply.

E-Wallets, Prepaid Cards, and Cryptocurrency Payments

The rise of digital solutions increases the flexibility of payment methods at online betting platforms. E-wallets such as PayPal, Neteller, and Skrill allow quick deposits and withdrawals, enhancing players’ ability to manage their funds efficiently. Prepaid cards offer an alternative for those who prefer not to link bank accounts directly to their betting activities. Cryptocurrency options, including Bitcoin and Ethereum, have gained traction for their speed and anonymity, appealing to tech-savvy users.

Deposit and Withdrawal Times, Fees, and Limits

When selecting payment methods, considering deposit and withdrawal times, fees, and limits is essential. Most options feature instant deposits, allowing immediate access to gaming. Withdrawal times vary by method; e-wallets often facilitate faster processing compared to traditional bank transfers. Fees can vary significantly—some methods are free, while others may incur charges depending on the platform. Knowing these details helps you make informed choices regarding your betting transactions.

Betting Sites Australia – Safety, Legal Compliance, and the Future of Online Gaming

In the ever-evolving landscape of online gaming, understanding safety measures and legal compliance is crucial for players in Australia. With a focus on safety in online gaming, this section delves into key elements such as licensing and regulation, player eligibility, and the tools available for responsible gambling.

Licensing, Regulation, and Operator Compliance

Licensing and regulation play a vital role in ensuring that online betting sites operate within legal boundaries. Licensed platforms undergo rigorous scrutiny to protect players from untrustworthy operators. This regulatory framework fosters an environment of trust and security, allowing you to engage in gaming activities with confidence. Familiarising yourself with these licensing laws can greatly enhance your overall gaming experience.

Player Eligibility, KYC, and Age Requirements

Identity verification processes, including Know Your Customer (KYC) protocols, are critical for maintaining safety in online gaming. These measures help ensure that participants meet age requirements and are eligible to partake in gambling activities. By adhering to strict age verification, operators protect both themselves and their players, fostering a secure gaming community.

Ensuring Safety, Fairness, and Data Protection

Safety in online gaming encompasses data protection as well. Trusted operators implement advanced security measures, such as encryption technologies, to safeguard your personal information. Fair play practices ensure that the outcomes of games are random and unbiased, contributing to a trustworthy gaming atmosphere where you can enjoy your favourite games without concerns about manipulation.

Tools for Responsible Gambling

Responsible gambling is an essential aspect of online gaming that cannot be overlooked. Many platforms offer tools and resources that promote healthy gaming habits, including options for self-exclusion and risk assessment. Taking advantage of these features helps you manage your gaming activities effectively, ensuring that you engage in a responsible manner while enjoying the excitement of online betting.

Beginner’s Guide to Playing at Betting Sites Australia

Embarking on your online betting journey can be exciting yet overwhelming for beginners. Understanding the essential steps for playing at betting sites is crucial for a secure and enjoyable experience. This beginner’s guide outlines key areas to focus on, ensuring you have a solid foundation as you navigate the online betting landscape in Australia.

1. Choose a Licensed and Trusted Platform

Selecting a licensed and trusted platform is the first step in your registration process. Look for operators that are fully compliant with Australian regulations. This ensures fair play and the protection of your data. Reading reviews and checking player feedback can further enhance your confidence in the platform’s credibility.

2. Register and Verify Your Account Quickly

Once you’ve chosen a platform, you’ll need to register. This process typically involves filling out a form with your personal details. Make sure to provide accurate information for a smooth verification process. A quick registration allows you to start playing and enjoying the available games without delay

3. Deposit Funds and Claim Your Initial Bonuses

After successfully registering, it’s time to deposit funds. Familiarise yourself with the available payment methods that the betting site offers. Many platforms provide initial bonuses that can enhance your gaming experience. Ensure you understand the terms and wagering requirements associated with these bonuses to maximise your value early on.

4. Set Limits, Play Responsibly, and Track Activity

Responsible gaming is vital for anyone playing at betting sites. Setting personal limits on deposits, losses, and session duration helps keep your betting enjoyable rather than overwhelming. Regularly tracking your activity allows you to stay in control of your gambling habits, ensuring a safe and sustainable betting experience.

Final Thoughts – Selecting the Right Betting Sites in Australia

When it comes to choosing betting sites in Australia, it’s key to highlight the importance of thorough research. Players should prioritise understanding which features enhance their gambling experience, ensuring they select platforms that meet their specific needs. From generous bonuses to a diverse array of betting markets, every factor plays a crucial role in shaping your betting journey.

Moreover, it’s essential to evaluate payment options and the overall safety of the platform you decide to engage with. Compliance with legal requirements not only protects your personal information but also promotes fair play. The anticipated growth in Australian gambling means more innovative features and exciting opportunities in the online betting landscape for discerning players like yourself.

Ultimately, by considering these aspects, you can make informed decisions that will enhance your gaming experience. As the world of online betting evolves, your ability to choose wisely will pave the way for both entertainment and potential profitability in 2025 and beyond.

FAQ

What are the top betting sites in Australia for 2025?

The top betting sites in Australia for 2025 include Mafia Casino, Monsterwin, Crownplay, Onlyspins, Kingmaker, Kinbet, Hugo Casino, New Lucky, Golden Crown, and Turbowinz, each offering unique features and benefits for players.

What should I look for in a betting site?

You should look for secure and trustworthy platforms that provide fast and efficient gaming experiences, extensive game variety, user-friendly interfaces, and attractive bonuses. Additionally, player reviews and expert recommendations can help guide your selection.

Are online betting sites in Australia safe?

Yes, many online betting sites in Australia are safe, especially those that are licensed and regulated. Make sure the platform adheres to licensing requirements and implements data protection measures to ensure your safety and privacy.

What types of games can I play at Australian betting sites?

You can enjoy a variety of games, including slots, table games like blackjack and roulette, poker, and live dealer games that offer real-time interaction with dealers.

What bonuses can I expect from Australian betting sites?

Common bonuses include welcome bonuses, no deposit bonuses, free spins, reload bonuses, and loyalty rewards. Always check the terms and conditions to maximise their value.